Rabbit Anatomy: A Brief Photographic Atlas and Dissection Guide, Part 1: Muscular System (Third Edition)
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Augusta University, Department of Biological SciencesClemson University, Department of Biological Sciences
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Alterations in Articular Cartilage of the Rabbit Mandibular Condyle Following Surgical Induction of Anterior Disc Displacement: Light and Electron Microscopic Immunocytochemistry Using Colloidal Gold ConjugatesChoi, Won-Seok; Department of Oral Biology (1996-05)The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that surgical induction of anterior disc displacement (ADD) in the rabbit craniomandibular joints (CMJ) will lead to degenerative osteoarthritic changes detectable a t the molecular, subcellular and cellular levels in the articular cartilage of the rabbit mandibular condyle. Ultrastructural features of the normal rabbit mandibular condyle were compared to those of experimental condyles a t two weeks following induction of ADD. The quantities of type-VI and -IX collagens, as well as the components of proteoglycans, such as chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S), chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S), k e ra tan sulfate (KS) and link protein (LP) were measured using immunogold labeling technique at the light and the electron microscopic levels. The right joint of each of 20 rabbits was exposed surgically, and all discal attachments were severed except for th e posterior attachment. The disc was then displaced anteriorly and sutured to the zygomatic arch. The left joint served as a sham -operated control. Ten additional joints were used as non operated controls. Deeply anesthetized rabbits were perfused with 2% buffered formalin two weeks after surgery. The mandibular condyles were excised and decalcified in ethylenediam inetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Paraffin embedded tissues were sectioned a t 5 (im for light microscopic study, while water-soluble plastic embedded sections were used for electron microscopy. Sections were incubated in monoclonal antibodies directed against C4S, C6S, KS and LP, and in polyclonal antibodies against type-VI and -IX collagens. After incubation in the appropriate colloidal gold conjugated secondary antibodies, tissue sections were studied with light and electron microscopes. In addition, immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was performed using paraffin sections, and the PCNA indices of control and experimental condyles were determined. Pathological alterations were obvious in the experimental condyles, and appeared to be characteristic osteoarthritic changes. These include cartilage neovascularization, chondrocyte clustering, vacuolation, loss of extracellular matrix next to the membranes of chondrocytes, and an increase in num ber of apoptotic chondrocytes. Increased num bers of PCNA-positive cells in the osteoarthritic cartilage of the experimental group indicated a n active chondrocytic proliferation. Ultrastructural changes in injured chondrocytes included increased amounts of RER and Golgi, suggesting an increase in the synthesis and secretion of possibly degradative enzymes with a decrease in the normal secretory products. The results of th e immunocytochemistry using colloidal gold conjugates both a t the light and electron microscopic levels showed statistically significant depletion of C4S, C6S, KS, LP, type-VI collagen and type-IX collagen in the osteoarthritic cartilage (P < 0.05). The reduction of binding molecules such as LP, type-VI and type-IX collagens suggest a possible mechanism for the observed loss of integrity of the extracellular matrix. It is concluded that surgical induction of ADD in the rabbit CMJ leads to molecular, cellular and extracellular alterations in the articular cartilage of the mandibular condyle similar to those described previously in hum an ADD and in osteoarthritis of other synovial joints. The results of this study provide evidence that the loss of the shock absorber function of the disc, and the exposure of the condyles to overloading may cause the injured chondrocytes to secrete degenerative cytokines as indicated by the loss of proteoglycans, binding collagens and LP. These molecular changes are expressed a t the subcellular and cellular levels as osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease.
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Investigation of Rabbit Eye Anterior Segment Reducing Capacity: Interplay Between Hydrogen peroxide, Ascorbic Acid and Reductive Enzyme SystemsCsukas, Stephen; Department of Endocrinology (1987-06)Investigation of -'Rabbit Ey.e. Anterior Segment_ Reducing Capacity: Interplay Between Hydro·gen Peroxide, _Ascorbic Acid. and Reduc~ive Enzyme Systems (Under the Direction of KEITH- GREEN, Ph.D., D.Sc.) The experiments perfo~ed in this' body of work lay the. foundation. •. . for· describing the- sequelae_ .of an in vivo modification in. the reducing · ca.pacity. of the normal rabbit ocular ntilieu following the intro.ductiO? of an oxidative insult into the anterio·r- chamber .. of th~ rabbit eye. The· concentration of intracame:rally ·injected hydrogeri: peroxi-de (HP),. strong en~ugh to c·ause oxidative d~mage, ·and y~t not elicit a white cell response was first determined. The morp~ological and physiological responses to this. ·dose of HP were studied_ ·and described.~ · . - . Age related differences in response· to HP inj e_ction were manifested - ' - . between young and adult rabl:?its •.. Catala-se levels· were measured i~- i:r:i.s ~ ·. ciliary body, _cor~eal endothel-fum, liver ·and- lung. tfssues. Catalase · levels· ·were· demonstrated· to decrease with maturation. Values for ascorbate and HP in· aqueous-humor, an4 ascorbate ·in pla~ma were determined. ·.Ascorbate and HP levels. correlated in young and :adult anitnals •. -Corneal endothelia_l glutathione ·-redox state· ~as .. shifted . toward ·the heavily oxid:i.ze_d $tate ·.a.ftfiar_ intracameral hydrogen· peroxide . . . injectio? confirming 'that the· capacity for HP reduction of the_ . glutathione redox system wit~in the endothelium was being overwhelmed by-· the bolus. HP injection. ·Catalase levels were chemically inhibited by intravenous injection ·of· 3-aminotriazole (3AT) into adult ·animals to mimic the ·condition of a X diminished .ocular-· r~ducing _power. The dose_ response relationship was determined between the dose· ;of 3AT ·and the resultant catalase activ:i,tie~. : ... . . in ocular tissues. · The t~ Jo.r loss of HP from the aqueous humor was determined under control and.catalase inhibited-conditions,· and . ' demonstrated. a trend of fnGreasing length concurrent to increased catalase inhibition. The relationship between 'total ocular· reducing· power and.the t~ of,HP dissipation was determined by combining data ·from . . . . - the two experiments. Ocular. tissues exposed· to intracamerally injected I HPwhile· under 3AT inhibition of catalase activity demonstrated an exacerbated response compared with non-3AT treated· t:j_ssues •. These ' 'results suggest. 'an underlyin'g· r:elationship _between ~otal ocular reducing ' power and exte~t.of damag~ arising from contact with oxidants. 3AT was given orally ~o adult rabbits to determine _the .effects of long term-inhibition of catalase levels. These.animals were not . ' challenged. with in.tracamerally intro<iuced HP but rather were studied· to . ' ·determin~ the effects of 3AT on .endogenous.HP levels. Decreases were noted in levels· of qcular· ascorbate.· and HP but not in levels of plasma ascorbate. Concurrent morphological changes were also rioted in the- .posterior portion of the rabbit lens. These inclqded bleb bing and · · macuolization of· lens fibers~. The findings of thes·e studies witk rabbits suggest that: 1) . ' . catalase-activity decreases with_ maturation: in rabbits; 2) decreases in catalase activity can beachieved using 3AT; 3) challenging oculaJ; tissues with exogenous HP can expose the underlying relationship .. between .ocular reducing power _and· levels of oxidants under normal· conditions and during inflammatory .condi:tions; 4) und·er conditions of greater than· 50% inhibition of catalase levels, other reductive .systems such. as the glutathione redox cycle play. an increasingly important role; and 5) when catalase levels are inhibited for long periods of time without concurrent exogenous HP challenge, major morphological and chemical changes occur in the aqueous humor.
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The interrelationship of bicarbonate and carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion fluxes across the rabbit corneal endotheliumKelly, Gordon M; Department of Physiology (1980-05)